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MAKE(1) General Commands Manual MAKE(1) NAME make -- maintain program dependencies SYNOPSIS make [-BeikNnqrSstWwX] [-C directory] [-D variable] [-d flags] [-f makefile] [-I directory] [-J private] [-j max_jobs] [-m directory] [-T file] [-V variable] [-v variable] [variable=value] [target ...] DESCRIPTION make is a program designed to simplify the maintenance of other pro- grams. Its input is a list of specifications as to the files upon which programs and other files depend. If no -f makefile option is given, make tries to open `makefile' then `Makefile' in order to find the specifications. If the file `.depend' exists, it is read, see mkdep(1). This manual page is intended as a reference document only. For a more thorough description of make and makefiles, please refer to PMake - A Tutorial (from 1993). make prepends the contents of the MAKEFLAGS environment variable to the command line arguments before parsing them. The options are as follows: -B Try to be backwards compatible by executing a single shell per command and by making the sources of a dependency line in se- quence. -C directory Change to directory before reading the makefiles or doing any- thing else. If multiple -C options are specified, each is in- terpreted relative to the previous one: -C / -C etc is equiva- lent to -C /etc. -D variable Define variable to be 1, in the global scope. -d [-]flags Turn on debugging, and specify which portions of make are to print debugging information. Unless the flags are preceded by `-', they are added to the MAKEFLAGS environment variable and are passed on to any child make processes. By default, debug- ging information is printed to standard error, but this can be changed using the F debugging flag. The debugging output is always unbuffered; in addition, if debugging is enabled but de- bugging output is not directed to standard output, the standard output is line buffered. The available flags are: A Print all possible debugging information; equivalent to specifying all of the debugging flags. a Print debugging information about archive searching and caching. C Print debugging information about the current working directory. c Print debugging information about conditional evalua- tion. d Print debugging information about directory searching and caching. e Print debugging information about failed commands and targets. F[+]filename Specify where debugging output is written. This must be the last flag, because it consumes the remainder of the argument. If the character immediately after the F flag is `+', the file is opened in append mode; other- wise the file is overwritten. If the file name is `stdout' or `stderr', debugging output is written to the standard output or standard error output respec- tively (and the `+' option has no effect). Otherwise, the output is written to the named file. If the file name ends with `.%d', the `%d' is replaced by the pid. f Print debugging information about loop evaluation. g1 Print the input graph before making anything. g2 Print the input graph after making everything, or be- fore exiting on error. g3 Print the input graph before exiting on error. h Print debugging information about hash table opera- tions. j Print debugging information about running multiple shells. L Turn on lint checks. This throws errors for variable assignments that do not parse correctly, at the time of assignment, so the file and line number are available. l Print commands in Makefiles regardless of whether or not they are prefixed by `@' or other "quiet" flags. Also known as "loud" behavior. M Print debugging information about "meta" mode decisions about targets. m Print debugging information about making targets, in- cluding modification dates. n Don't delete the temporary command scripts created when running commands. These temporary scripts are created in the directory referred to by the TMPDIR environment variable, or in /tmp if TMPDIR is unset or set to the empty string. The temporary scripts are created by mkstemp(3), and have names of the form makeXXXXXX. NOTE: This can create many files in TMPDIR or /tmp, so use with care. p Print debugging information about makefile parsing. s Print debugging information about suffix-transformation rules. t Print debugging information about target list mainte- nance. V Force the -V option to print raw values of variables, overriding the default behavior set via .MAKE.EXPAND_VARIABLES. v Print debugging information about variable assignment and expansion. x Run shell commands with -x so the actual commands are printed as they are executed. -e Let environment variables override global variables within makefiles. -f makefile Specify a makefile to read instead of the default makefile or Makefile. If makefile is `-', standard input is read. Multi- ple makefiles may be specified, and are read in the order spec- ified. -I directory Specify a directory in which to search for makefiles and in- cluded makefiles. The system makefile directory (or directo- ries, see the -m option) is automatically included as part of this list. -i Ignore non-zero exit of shell commands in the makefile. Equiv- alent to specifying `-' before each command line in the make- file. -J private This option should not be specified by the user. When the -j option is in use in a recursive build, this option is passed by a make to child makes to allow all the make processes in the build to cooperate to avoid overloading the system. -j max_jobs Specify the maximum number of jobs that make may have running at any one time. The value of max_jobs is saved in .MAKE.JOBS. Turns compatibility mode off, unless the -B option is also specified. When compatibility mode is off, all commands asso- ciated with a target are executed in a single shell invocation as opposed to the traditional one shell invocation per line. This can break traditional scripts which change directories on each command invocation and then expect to start with a fresh environment on the next line. It is more efficient to correct the scripts rather than turn backwards compatibility on. A job token pool with max_jobs tokens is used to control the total number of jobs running. Each instance of make will wait for a token from the pool before running a new job. -k Continue processing after errors are encountered, but only on those targets that do not depend on the target whose creation caused the error. -m directory Specify a directory in which to search for sys.mk and makefiles included via the <file>-style include statement. The -m option can be used multiple times to form a search path. This path overrides the default system include path /usr/share/mk. Fur- thermore, the system include path is appended to the search path used for "file"-style include statements (see the -I op- tion). The system include path can be referenced via the read- only variable .SYSPATH. If a directory name in the -m argument (or the MAKESYSPATH en- vironment variable) starts with the string `.../', make searches for the specified file or directory named in the re- maining part of the argument string. The search starts with the current directory and then works upward towards the root of the file system. If the search is successful, the resulting directory replaces the `.../' specification in the -m argument. This feature allows make to easily search in the current source tree for customized sys.mk files (e.g., by using `.../mk/sys.mk' as an argument). -n Display the commands that would have been executed, but do not actually execute them unless the target depends on the .MAKE special source (see below) or the command is prefixed with `+'. -N Display the commands that would have been executed, but do not actually execute any of them; useful for debugging top-level makefiles without descending into subdirectories. -q Do not execute any commands, instead exit 0 if the specified targets are up to date, and 1 otherwise. -r Do not use the built-in rules specified in the system makefile. -S Stop processing if an error is encountered. This is the de- fault behavior and the opposite of -k. -s Do not echo any commands as they are executed. Equivalent to specifying `@' before each command line in the makefile. -T tracefile When used with the -j flag, append a trace record to tracefile for each job started and completed. -t Rather than re-building a target as specified in the makefile, create it or update its modification time to make it appear up- to-date. -V variable Print the value of variable. Do not build any targets. Multi- ple instances of this option may be specified; the variables are printed one per line, with a blank line for each null or undefined variable. The value printed is extracted from the global scope after all makefiles have been read. By default, the raw variable contents (which may include addi- tional unexpanded variable references) are shown. If variable contains a `$', it is not interpreted as a variable name but rather as an expression. Its value is expanded before print- ing. The value is also expanded before printing if .MAKE.EXPAND_VARIABLES is set to true and the -dV option has not been used to override it. Note that loop-local and target-local variables, as well as values taken temporarily by global variables during makefile processing, are not accessible via this option. The -dv debug mode can be used to see these at the cost of generating sub- stantial extraneous output. -v variable Like -V, but all printed variables are always expanded to their complete value. The last occurrence of -V or -v decides whether all variables are expanded or not. -W Treat any warnings during makefile parsing as errors. -w Print entering and leaving directory messages, pre and post processing. -X Don't export variables passed on the command line to the envi- ronment individually. Variables passed on the command line are still exported via the MAKEFLAGS environment variable. This option may be useful on systems which have a small limit on the size of command arguments. variable=value Set the value of the variable variable to value. Normally, all values passed on the command line are also exported to sub- makes in the environment. The -X flag disables this behavior. Variable assignments should follow options for POSIX compati- bility but no ordering is enforced. There are several different types of lines in a makefile: dependency specifications, shell commands, variable assignments, include state- ments, conditional directives, for loops, other directives, and com- ments. Lines may be continued from one line to the next by ending them with a backslash (`\'). The trailing newline character and initial whitespace on the following line are compressed into a single space. FILE DEPENDENCY SPECIFICATIONS Dependency lines consist of one or more targets, an operator, and zero or more sources. This creates a relationship where the targets "depend" on the sources and are customarily created from them. A tar- get is considered out of date if it does not exist, or if its modifica- tion time is less than that of any of its sources. An out-of-date tar- get is re-created, but not until all sources have been examined and themselves re-created as needed. Three operators may be used: : Many dependency lines may name this target but only one may have attached shell commands. All sources named in all dependency lines are considered together, and if needed the attached shell commands are run to create or re-create the target. If make is interrupted, the target is removed. ! The same, but the target is always re-created whether or not it is out of date. :: Any dependency line may have attached shell commands, but each one is handled independently: its sources are considered and the attached shell commands are run if the target is out of date with respect to (only) those sources. Thus, different groups of the attached shell commands may be run depending on the circum- stances. Furthermore, unlike :, for dependency lines with no sources, the attached shell commands are always run. Also unlike :, the target is not removed if make is interrupted. All dependency lines mentioning a particular target must use the same operator. Targets and sources may contain the shell wildcard values `?', `*', `[]', and `{}'. The values `?', `*', and `[]' may only be used as part of the final component of the target or source, and only match existing files. The value `{}' need not necessarily be used to describe exist- ing files. Expansion is in directory order, not alphabetically as done in the shell. SHELL COMMANDS Each target may have associated with it one or more lines of shell com- mands, normally used to create the target. Each of the lines in this script must be preceded by a tab. (For historical reasons, spaces are not accepted.) While targets can occur in many dependency lines if de- sired, by default only one of these rules may be followed by a creation script. If the `::' operator is used, however, all rules may include scripts, and the respective scripts are executed in the order found. Each line is treated as a separate shell command, unless the end of line is escaped with a backslash `\', in which case that line and the next are combined. If the first characters of the command are any com- bination of `@', `+', or `-', the command is treated specially. @ causes the command not to be echoed before it is exe- cuted. + causes the command to be executed even when -n is given. This is similar to the effect of the .MAKE special source, except that the effect can be limited to a single line of a script. - in compatibility mode causes any non-zero exit status of the command line to be ignored. When make is run in jobs mode with -j max_jobs, the entire script for the target is fed to a single instance of the shell. In compatibility (non-jobs) mode, each command is run in a separate process. If the command contains any shell meta characters (`#=|^(){};&<>*?[]:$`\\n'), it is passed to the shell; otherwise make attempts direct execution. If a line starts with `-' and the shell has ErrCtl enabled, failure of the command line is ignored as in compatibility mode. Otherwise `-' affects the entire job; the script stops at the first command line that fails, but the target is not deemed to have failed. Makefiles should be written so that the mode of make operation does not change their behavior. For example, any command which uses "cd" or "chdir" without the intention of changing the directory for subsequent commands should be put in parentheses so it executes in a subshell. To force the use of a single shell, escape the line breaks so as to make the whole script one command. For example: avoid-chdir-side-effects: @echo "Building $@ in $$(pwd)" @(cd ${.CURDIR} && ${MAKE} $@) @echo "Back in $$(pwd)" ensure-one-shell-regardless-of-mode: @echo "Building $@ in $$(pwd)"; \ (cd ${.CURDIR} && ${MAKE} $@); \ echo "Back in $$(pwd)" Since make changes the current working directory to `.OBJDIR' before executing any targets, each child process starts with that as its cur- rent working directory. VARIABLE ASSIGNMENTS Variables in make behave much like macros in the C preprocessor. Variable assignments have the form `NAME op value', where: NAME is a single-word variable name, consisting, by tradition, of all upper-case letters, op is one of the variable assignment operators described be- low, and value is interpreted according to the variable assignment oper- ator. Whitespace around NAME, op and value is discarded. Variable assignment operators The five operators that assign values to variables are: = Assign the value to the variable. Any previous value is over- written. += Append the value to the current value of the variable, separat- ing them by a single space. ?= Assign the value to the variable if it is not already defined. := Expand the value, then assign it to the variable. NOTE: References to undefined variables are not expanded. This can cause problems when variable modifiers are used. != Expand the value and pass it to the shell for execution, then assign the output from the child's standard output to the vari- able. Any newlines in the result are replaced with spaces. Expansion of variables In most contexts where variables are expanded, `$$' expands to a single dollar sign. In other contexts (most variable modifiers, string liter- als in conditions), `\$' expands to a single dollar sign. References to variables have the form ${name[:modifiers]} or $(name[:modifiers]). If the variable name consists of only a single character and the expression contains no modifiers, the surrounding curly braces or parentheses are not required. This shorter form is not recommended. If the variable name contains a dollar, the name itself is expanded first. This allows almost arbitrary variable names, however names con- taining dollar, braces, parentheses or whitespace are really best avoided. If the result of expanding a nested variable expression contains a dol- lar sign (`$'), the result is subject to further expansion. Variable substitution occurs at four distinct times, depending on where the variable is being used. 1. Variables in dependency lines are expanded as the line is read. 2. Variables in conditionals are expanded individually, but only as far as necessary to determine the result of the conditional. 3. Variables in shell commands are expanded when the shell command is executed. 4. .for loop index variables are expanded on each loop iteration. Note that other variables are not expanded when composing the body of a loop, so the following example code: .for i in 1 2 3 a+= ${i} j= ${i} b+= ${j} .endfor all: @echo ${a} @echo ${b} prints: 1 2 3 3 3 3 After the loop is executed: a contains `${:U1} ${:U2} ${:U3}', which expands to `1 2 3'. j contains `${:U3}', which expands to `3'. b contains `${j} ${j} ${j}', which expands to `${:U3} ${:U3} ${:U3}' and further to `3 3 3'. Variable classes The four different classes of variables (in order of increasing prece- dence) are: Environment variables Variables defined as part of make's environment. Global variables Variables defined in the makefile or in included makefiles. Command line variables Variables defined as part of the command line. Local variables Variables that are defined specific to a certain target. Local variables can be set on a dependency line, unless .MAKE.TARGET_LOCAL_VARIABLES is set to `false'. The rest of the line (which already has had global variables expanded) is the variable value. For example: COMPILER_WRAPPERS= ccache distcc icecc ${OBJS}: .MAKE.META.CMP_FILTER=${COMPILER_WRAPPERS:S,^,N,} Only the targets `${OBJS}' are impacted by that filter (in "meta" mode) and simply enabling/disabling any of the compiler wrappers does not render all of those targets out-of-date. NOTE: target-local variable assignments behave differently in that; += Only appends to a previous local assignment for the same target and variable. := Is redundant with respect to global variables, which have already been expanded. The seven built-in local variables are: .ALLSRC The list of all sources for this target; also known as `_'. .ARCHIVE The name of the archive file; also known as `!'. .IMPSRC In suffix-transformation rules, the name/path of the source from which the target is to be transformed (the "implied" source); also known as `_'. It is not de- fined in explicit rules. .MEMBER The name of the archive member; also known as `%'. .OODATE The list of sources for this target that were deemed out-of-date; also known as `?'. .PREFIX The name of the target with suffix (if declared in .SUFFIXES) removed; also known as `*'. .TARGET The name of the target; also known as `@'. For compat- ibility with other makes this is an alias for .ARCHIVE in archive member rules. The shorter forms (`_', `!', `_', `%', `?', `*', and `@') are permitted for backward compatibility with historical makefiles and legacy POSIX make and are not recommended. Variants of these variables with the punctuation followed immediately by `D' or `F', e.g. `$(@D)', are legacy forms equivalent to using the `:H' and `:T' modifiers. These forms are accepted for compatibility with AT&T System V UNIX makefiles and POSIX but are not recommended. Four of the local variables may be used in sources on dependency lines because they expand to the proper value for each target on the line. These variables are `.TARGET', `.PREFIX', `.ARCHIVE', and `.MEMBER'. Additional built-in variables In addition, make sets or knows about the following variables: .ALLTARGETS The list of all targets encountered in the makefiles. If eval- uated during makefile parsing, lists only those targets encoun- tered thus far. .CURDIR A path to the directory where make was executed. Refer to the description of `PWD' for more details. .ERROR_CMD Is used in error handling, see MAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR. .ERROR_CWD Is used in error handling, see MAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR. .ERROR_META_FILE Is used in error handling in "meta" mode, see MAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR. .ERROR_TARGET Is used in error handling, see MAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR. .INCLUDEDFROMDIR The directory of the file this makefile was included from. .INCLUDEDFROMFILE The filename of the file this makefile was included from. MACHINE The machine hardware name, see uname(1). MACHINE_ARCH The machine processor architecture name, see uname(1). MAKE The name that make was executed with (argv[0]). .MAKE The same as MAKE, for compatibility. The preferred variable to use is the environment variable MAKE because it is more compat- ible with other make variants and cannot be confused with the special target with the same name. .MAKE.ALWAYS_PASS_JOB_QUEUE Tells make whether to pass the descriptors of the job token queue even if the target is not tagged with .MAKE The default is `yes' for backwards compatability with FreeBSD 9.0 and ear- lier. .MAKE.DEPENDFILE Names the makefile (default `.depend') from which generated de- pendencies are read. .MAKE.DIE_QUIETLY If set to `true', do not print error information at the end. .MAKE.EXPAND_VARIABLES A boolean that controls the default behavior of the -V option. If true, variable values printed with -V are fully expanded; if false, the raw variable contents (which may include additional unexpanded variable references) are shown. .MAKE.EXPORTED The list of variables exported by make. MAKEFILE The top-level makefile that is currently read, as given in the command line. .MAKEFLAGS The environment variable `MAKEFLAGS' may contain anything that may be specified on make's command line. Anything specified on make's command line is appended to the .MAKEFLAGS variable, which is then added to the environment for all programs that make executes. .MAKE.GID The numeric group ID of the user running make. It is read- only. .MAKE.JOB.PREFIX If make is run with -j, the output for each target is prefixed with a token --- target --- the first part of which can be controlled via .MAKE.JOB.PREFIX. If .MAKE.JOB.PREFIX is empty, no token is printed. For exam- ple, setting .MAKE.JOB.PREFIX to `${.newline}---${.MAKE:T}[${.MAKE.PID}]' would produce tokens like ---make[1234] target --- making it easier to track the degree of parallelism being achieved. .MAKE.JOBS The argument to the -j option. .MAKE.LEVEL The recursion depth of make. The top-level instance of make has level 0, and each child make has its parent level plus 1. This allows tests like: .if ${.MAKE.LEVEL} == 0 to protect things which should only be evaluated in the top-level instance of make. .MAKE.LEVEL.ENV The name of the environment variable that stores the level of nested calls to make. .MAKE.MAKEFILE_PREFERENCE The ordered list of makefile names (default `makefile', `Makefile') that make looks for. .MAKE.MAKEFILES The list of makefiles read by make, which is useful for track- ing dependencies. Each makefile is recorded only once, regard- less of the number of times read. .MAKE.META.BAILIWICK In "meta" mode, provides a list of prefixes which match the di- rectories controlled by make. If a file that was generated outside of .OBJDIR but within said bailiwick is missing, the current target is considered out-of-date. .MAKE.META.CMP_FILTER In "meta" mode, it can (very rarely!) be useful to filter com- mand lines before comparison. This variable can be set to a set of modifiers that are applied to each line of the old and new command that differ, if the filtered commands still differ, the target is considered out-of-date. .MAKE.META.CREATED In "meta" mode, this variable contains a list of all the meta files updated. If not empty, it can be used to trigger pro- cessing of .MAKE.META.FILES. .MAKE.META.FILES In "meta" mode, this variable contains a list of all the meta files used (updated or not). This list can be used to process the meta files to extract dependency information. .MAKE.META.IGNORE_FILTER Provides a list of variable modifiers to apply to each path- name. Ignore if the expansion is an empty string. .MAKE.META.IGNORE_PATHS Provides a list of path prefixes that should be ignored; be- cause the contents are expected to change over time. The de- fault list includes: `/dev /etc /proc /tmp /var/run /var/tmp' .MAKE.META.IGNORE_PATTERNS Provides a list of patterns to match against pathnames. Ignore any that match. .MAKE.META.PREFIX Defines the message printed for each meta file updated in "meta verbose" mode. The default value is: Building ${.TARGET:H:tA}/${.TARGET:T} .MAKE.MODE Processed after reading all makefiles. Affects the mode that make runs in. It can contain these keywords: compat Like -B, puts make into "compat" mode. meta Puts make into "meta" mode, where meta files are cre- ated for each target to capture the command run, the output generated, and if filemon(4) is available, the system calls which are of interest to make. The cap- tured output can be useful when diagnosing errors. curdirOk=bf By default, make does not create .meta files in `.CURDIR'. This can be overridden by setting bf to a value which represents true. missing-meta=bf If bf is true, a missing .meta file makes the target out-of-date. missing-filemon=bf If bf is true, missing filemon data makes the target out-of-date. nofilemon Do not use filemon(4). env For debugging, it can be useful to include the environ- ment in the .meta file. verbose If in "meta" mode, print a clue about the target being built. This is useful if the build is otherwise run- ning silently. The message printed is the expanded value of .MAKE.META.PREFIX. ignore-cmd Some makefiles have commands which are simply not sta- ble. This keyword causes them to be ignored for deter- mining whether a target is out of date in "meta" mode. See also .NOMETA_CMP. silent=bf If bf is true, when a .meta file is created, mark the target .SILENT. randomize-targets In both compat and parallel mode, do not make the tar- gets in the usual order, but instead randomize their order. This mode can be used to detect undeclared de- pendencies between files. MAKEOBJDIR Used to create files in a separate directory, see .OBJDIR. MAKE_OBJDIR_CHECK_WRITABLE Used to force a separate directory for the created files, even if that directory is not writable, see .OBJDIR. MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX Used to create files in a separate directory, see .OBJDIR. .MAKE.OS The name of the operating system, see uname(1). It is read- only. .MAKEOVERRIDES This variable is used to record the names of variables assigned to on the command line, so that they may be exported as part of `MAKEFLAGS'. This behavior can be disabled by assigning an empty value to `.MAKEOVERRIDES' within a makefile. Extra vari- ables can be exported from a makefile by appending their names to `.MAKEOVERRIDES'. `MAKEFLAGS' is re-exported whenever `.MAKEOVERRIDES' is modified. .MAKE.PATH_FILEMON If make was built with filemon(4) support, this is set to the path of the device node. This allows makefiles to test for this support. .MAKE.PID The process ID of make. It is read-only. .MAKE.PPID The parent process ID of make. It is read-only. MAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR When make stops due to an error, it sets `.ERROR_TARGET' to the name of the target that failed, `.ERROR_CMD' to the commands of the failed target, and in "meta" mode, it also sets `.ERROR_CWD' to the getcwd(3), and `.ERROR_META_FILE' to the path of the meta file (if any) describing the failed target. It then prints its name and the value of `.CURDIR' as well as the value of any variables named in `MAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR'. .MAKE.SAVE_DOLLARS If true, `$$' are preserved when doing `:=' assignments. The default is false, for backwards compatibility. Set to true for compatability with other makes. If set to false, `$$' becomes `$' per normal evaluation rules. .MAKE.TARGET_LOCAL_VARIABLES If set to `false', apparent variable assignments in dependency lines are treated as normal sources. .MAKE.UID The numeric ID of the user running make. It is read-only. .newline This variable is simply assigned a newline character as its value. It is read-only. This allows expansions using the :@ modifier to put a newline between iterations of the loop rather than a space. For example, in case of an error, make prints the variable names and their values using: ${MAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR:@v@$v='${$v}'${.newline}@} .OBJDIR A path to the directory where the targets are built. Its value is determined by trying to chdir(2) to the following directo- ries in order and using the first match: 1. ${MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX}${.CURDIR} (Only if `MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX' is set in the environment or on the command line.) 2. ${MAKEOBJDIR} (Only if `MAKEOBJDIR' is set in the environment or on the command line.) 3. ${.CURDIR}/obj.${MACHINE} 4. ${.CURDIR}/obj 5. /usr/obj/${.CURDIR} 6. ${.CURDIR} Variable expansion is performed on the value before it is used, so expressions such as ${.CURDIR:S,^/usr/src,/var/obj,} may be used. This is especially useful with `MAKEOBJDIR'. `.OBJDIR' may be modified in the makefile via the special tar- get `.OBJDIR'. In all cases, make changes to the specified di- rectory if it exists, and sets `.OBJDIR' and `PWD' to that di- rectory before executing any targets. Except in the case of an explicit `.OBJDIR' target, make checks that the specified directory is writable and ignores it if not. This check can be skipped by setting the environment variable `MAKE_OBJDIR_CHECK_WRITABLE' to "no". .PARSEDIR The directory name of the current makefile being parsed. .PARSEFILE The basename of the current makefile being parsed. This vari- able and `.PARSEDIR' are both set only while the makefiles are being parsed. To retain their current values, assign them to a variable using assignment with expansion `:='. .PATH The space-separated list of directories that make searches for files. To update this search list, use the special target `.PATH' rather than modifying the variable directly. %POSIX Is set in POSIX mode, see the special `.POSIX' target. PWD Alternate path to the current directory. make normally sets `.CURDIR' to the canonical path given by getcwd(3). However, if the environment variable `PWD' is set and gives a path to the current directory, make sets `.CURDIR' to the value of `PWD' instead. This behavior is disabled if `MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX' is set or `MAKEOBJDIR' contains a variable transform. `PWD' is set to the value of `.OBJDIR' for all programs which make exe- cutes. .SHELL The pathname of the shell used to run target scripts. It is read-only. .SUFFIXES The list of known suffixes. It is read-only. .SYSPATH The space-separated list of directories that make searches for makefiles, referred to as the system include path. To update this search list, use the special target `.SYSPATH' rather than modifying the variable which is read-only. .TARGETS The list of targets explicitly specified on the command line, if any. VPATH The colon-separated (":") list of directories that make searches for files. This variable is supported for compatibil- ity with old make programs only, use `.PATH' instead. Variable modifiers The general format of a variable expansion is: ${variable[:modifier[:...]]} Each modifier begins with a colon. To escape a colon, precede it with a backslash `\'. A list of indirect modifiers can be specified via a variable, as fol- lows: modifier_variable = modifier[:...] ${variable:${modifier_variable}[:...]} In this case, the first modifier in the modifier_variable does not start with a colon, since that colon already occurs in the referencing variable. If any of the modifiers in the modifier_variable contains a dollar sign (`$'), these must be doubled to avoid early expansion. Some modifiers interpret the expression value as a single string, oth- ers treat the expression value as a whitespace-separated list of words. When splitting a string into words, whitespace can be escaped using double quotes, single quotes and backslashes, like in the shell. The quotes and backslashes are retained in the words. The supported modifiers are: :E Replaces each word with its suffix. :H Replaces each word with its dirname. :Mpattern Selects only those words that match pattern. The standard shell wildcard characters (`*', `?', and `[]') may be used. The wild- card characters may be escaped with a backslash (`\'). As a con- sequence of the way values are split into words, matched, and then joined, the construct `${VAR:M*}' removes all leading and trailing whitespace and normalizes the inter-word spacing to a single space. :Npattern This is the opposite of `:M', selecting all words which do not match pattern. :O Orders the words lexicographically. :On Orders the words numerically. A number followed by one of `k', `M' or `G' is multiplied by the appropriate factor, which is 1024 for `k', 1048576 for `M', or 1073741824 for `G'. Both upper- and lower-case letters are accepted. :Or Orders the words in reverse lexicographical order. :Orn Orders the words in reverse numerical order. :Ox Shuffles the words. The results are different each time you are referring to the modified variable; use the assignment with expan- sion `:=' to prevent such behavior. For example, LIST= uno due tre quattro RANDOM_LIST= ${LIST:Ox} STATIC_RANDOM_LIST:= ${LIST:Ox} all: @echo "${RANDOM_LIST}" @echo "${RANDOM_LIST}" @echo "${STATIC_RANDOM_LIST}" @echo "${STATIC_RANDOM_LIST}" may produce output similar to: quattro due tre uno tre due quattro uno due uno quattro tre due uno quattro tre :Q Quotes every shell meta-character in the value, so that it can be passed safely to the shell. :q Quotes every shell meta-character in the value, and also doubles `$' characters so that it can be passed safely through recursive invocations of make. This is equivalent to `:S/\$/&&/g:Q'. :R Replaces each word with everything but its suffix. :range[=count] The value is an integer sequence representing the words of the original value, or the supplied count. :gmtime[=timestamp] The value is interpreted as a format string for strftime(3), using gmtime(3), producing the formatted timestamp. If a timestamp value is not provided or is 0, the current time is used. :hash Computes a 32-bit hash of the value and encodes it as 8 hex dig- its. :localtime[=timestamp] The value is interpreted as a format string for strftime(3), using localtime(3), producing the formatted timestamp. If a timestamp value is not provided or is 0, the current time is used. :mtime[=timestamp] Call stat(2) with each word as pathname; use `st_mtime' as the new value. If stat(2) fails; use timestamp or current time. If timestamp is set to `error', then stat(2) failure will cause an error. :tA Attempts to convert the value to an absolute path using realpath(3). If that fails, the value is unchanged. :tl Converts the value to lower-case letters. :tsc When joining the words after a modifier that treats the value as words, the words are normally separated by a space. This modifier changes the separator to the character c. If c is omitted, no separator is used. The common escapes (including octal numeric codes) work as expected. :tu Converts the value to upper-case letters. :tW Causes subsequent modifiers to treat the value as a single word (possibly containing embedded whitespace). See also `:[*]'. :tw Causes the value to be treated as a list of words. See also `:[@]'. :S/old_string/new_string/[1gW] Modifies the first occurrence of old_string in each word of the value, replacing it with new_string. If a `g' is appended to the last delimiter of the pattern, all occurrences in each word are replaced. If a `1' is appended to the last delimiter of the pat- tern, only the first occurrence is affected. If a `W' is appended to the last delimiter of the pattern, the value is treated as a single word. If old_string begins with a caret (`^'), old_string is anchored at the beginning of each word. If old_string ends with a dollar sign (`$'), it is anchored at the end of each word. Inside new_string, an ampersand (`&') is replaced by old_string (without the anchoring `^' or `$'). Any character may be used as the delimiter for the parts of the modifier string. The anchor- ing, ampersand and delimiter characters can be escaped with a backslash (`\'). Both old_string and new_string may contain nested expressions. To prevent a dollar sign from starting a nested expression, escape it with a backslash. :C/pattern/replacement/[1gW] The :C modifier works like the :S modifier except that the old and new strings, instead of being simple strings, are an extended reg- ular expression pattern (see regex(3)) and an ed(1)-style replacement. Normally, the first occurrence of the pattern pattern in each word of the value is substituted with replacement. The `1' modifier causes the substitution to apply to at most one word; the `g' modifier causes the substitution to apply to as many instances of the search pattern pattern as occur in the word or words it is found in; the `W' modifier causes the value to be treated as a single word (possibly containing embedded white- space). As for the :S modifier, the pattern and replacement are subjected to variable expansion before being parsed as regular expressions. :T Replaces each word with its last path component (basename). :u Removes adjacent duplicate words (like uniq(1)). :?true_string:false_string If the variable name (not its value), when parsed as a .if condi- tional expression, evaluates to true, return as its value the true_string, otherwise return the false_string. Since the vari- able name is used as the expression, :? must be the first modifier after the variable name itself--which, of course, usually contains variable expansions. A common error is trying to use expressions like ${NUMBERS:M42:?match:no} which actually tests defined(NUMBERS). To determine if any words match "42", you need to use something like: ${"${NUMBERS:M42}" != "":?match:no}. :old_string=new_string This is the AT&T System V UNIX style substitution. It can only be the last modifier specified, as a `:' in either old_string or new_string is treated as a regular character, not as the end of the modifier. If old_string does not contain the pattern matching character `%', and the word ends with old_string or equals it, that suffix is re- placed with new_string. Otherwise, the first `%' in old_string matches a possibly empty substring of arbitrary characters, and if the whole pattern is found in the word, the matching part is replaced with new_string, and the first occurrence of `%' in new_string (if any) is replaced with the substring matched by the `%'. Both old_string and new_string may contain nested expressions. To prevent a dollar sign from starting a nested expression, escape it with a backslash. :@varname@string@ This is the loop expansion mechanism from the OSF Development En- vironment (ODE) make. Unlike .for loops, expansion occurs at the time of reference. For each word in the value, assign the word to the variable named varname and evaluate string. The ODE conven- tion is that varname should start and end with a period, for exam- ple: ${LINKS:@.LINK.@${LN} ${TARGET} ${.LINK.}@} However, a single-letter variable is often more readable: ${MAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR:@v@$v='${$v}'${.newline}@} :_[=var] Saves the current variable value in `$_' or the named var for later reference. Example usage: M_cmpv.units = 1 1000 1000000 M_cmpv = S,., ,g:_:range:@i@+ $${_:[-$$i]} \ \* $${M_cmpv.units:[$$i]}@:S,^,expr 0 ,1:sh .if ${VERSION:${M_cmpv}} < ${3.1.12:L:${M_cmpv}} Here `$_' is used to save the result of the `:S' modifier which is later referenced using the index values from `:range'. :Unewval If the variable is undefined, newval is the value. If the vari- able is defined, the existing value is returned. This is another ODE make feature. It is handy for setting per-target CFLAGS for instance: ${_${.TARGET:T}_CFLAGS:U${DEF_CFLAGS}} If a value is only required if the variable is undefined, use: ${VAR:D:Unewval} :Dnewval If the variable is defined, newval is the value. :L The name of the variable is the value. :P The path of the node which has the same name as the variable is the value. If no such node exists or its path is null, the name of the variable is used. In order for this modifier to work, the name (node) must at least have appeared on the right-hand side of a dependency. :!cmd! The output of running cmd is the value. :sh The value is run as a command, and the output becomes the new value. ::=str The variable is assigned the value str after substitution. This modifier and its variations are useful in obscure situations such as wanting to set a variable at a point where a target's shell commands are being parsed. These assignment modifiers always ex- pand to nothing. The `::' helps avoid false matches with the AT&T System V UNIX style `:=' modifier and since substitution always occurs, the `::=' form is vaguely appropriate. ::?=str As for ::= but only if the variable does not already have a value. ::+=str Append str to the variable. ::!=cmd Assign the output of cmd to the variable. :[range] Selects one or more words from the value, or performs other opera- tions related to the way in which the value is split into words. An empty value, or a value that consists entirely of white-space, is treated as a single word. For the purposes of the `:[]' modi- fier, the words are indexed both forwards using positive integers (where index 1 represents the first word), and backwards using negative integers (where index -1 represents the last word). The range is subjected to variable expansion, and the expanded re- sult is then interpreted as follows: index Selects a single word from the value. start..end Selects all words from start to end, inclusive. For exam- ple, `:[2..-1]' selects all words from the second word to the last word. If start is greater than end, the words are output in reverse order. For example, `:[-1..1]' selects all the words from last to first. If the list is already ordered, this effectively reverses the list, but it is more efficient to use `:Or' instead of `:O:[-1..1]'. * Causes subsequent modifiers to treat the value as a single word (possibly containing embedded whitespace). Analogous to the effect of $* in Bourne shell. 0 Means the same as `:[*]'. @ Causes subsequent modifiers to treat the value as a se- quence of words delimited by whitespace. Analogous to the effect of $@ in Bourne shell. # Returns the number of words in the value. DIRECTIVES make offers directives for including makefiles, conditionals and for loops. All these directives are identified by a line beginning with a single dot (`.') character, followed by the keyword of the directive, such as include or if. File inclusion Files are included with either .include <file> or .include "file". Variables between the angle brackets or double quotes are expanded to form the file name. If angle brackets are used, the included makefile is expected to be in the system makefile directory. If double quotes are used, the including makefile's directory and any directories speci- fied using the -I option are searched before the system makefile direc- tory. For compatibility with other make variants, `include file ...' (without leading dot) is also accepted. If the include statement is written as .-include or as .sinclude, er- rors locating and/or opening include files are ignored. If the include statement is written as .dinclude, not only are errors locating and/or opening include files ignored, but stale dependencies within the included file are ignored just like in .MAKE.DEPENDFILE. Exporting variables The directives for exporting and unexporting variables are: .export variable ... Export the specified global variable. If no variable list is provided, all globals are exported except for internal vari- ables (those that start with `.'). This is not affected by the -X flag, so should be used with caution. For compatibility with other make programs, export variable=value (without lead- ing dot) is also accepted. Appending a variable name to .MAKE.EXPORTED is equivalent to exporting a variable. .export-env variable ... The same as `.export', except that the variable is not appended to .MAKE.EXPORTED. This allows exporting a value to the envi- ronment which is different from that used by make internally. .export-literal variable ... The same as `.export-env', except that variables in the value are not expanded. .unexport variable ... The opposite of `.export'. The specified global variable is removed from .MAKE.EXPORTED. If no variable list is provided, all globals are unexported, and .MAKE.EXPORTED deleted. .unexport-env Unexport all globals previously exported and clear the environ- ment inherited from the parent. This operation causes a memory leak of the original environment, so should be used sparingly. Testing for .MAKE.LEVEL being 0 would make sense. Also note that any variables which originated in the parent environment should be explicitly preserved if desired. For example: .if ${.MAKE.LEVEL} == 0 PATH := ${PATH} .unexport-env .export PATH .endif Would result in an environment containing only `PATH', which is the minimal useful environment. Actually `.MAKE.LEVEL' is also pushed into the new environment. Messages The directives for printing messages to the output are: .info message The message is printed along with the name of the makefile and line number. .warning message The message prefixed by `warning:' is printed along with the name of the makefile and line number. .error message The message is printed along with the name of the makefile and line number, make exits immediately. Conditionals The directives for conditionals are: .if [!]expression [operator expression ...] Test the value of an expression. .ifdef [!]variable [operator variable ...] Test whether a variable is defined. .ifndef [!]variable [operator variable ...] Test whether a variable is not defined. .ifmake [!]target [operator target ...] Test the target being requested. .ifnmake [!]target [operator target ...] Test the target being requested. .else Reverse the sense of the last conditional. .elif [!]expression [operator expression ...] A combination of `.else' followed by `.if'. .elifdef [!]variable [operator variable ...] A combination of `.else' followed by `.ifdef'. .elifndef [!]variable [operator variable ...] A combination of `.else' followed by `.ifndef'. .elifmake [!]target [operator target ...] A combination of `.else' followed by `.ifmake'. .elifnmake [!]target [operator target ...] A combination of `.else' followed by `.ifnmake'. .endif End the body of the conditional. The operator may be any one of the following: || Logical OR. && Logical AND; of higher precedence than `||'. make only evaluates a conditional as far as is necessary to determine its value. Parentheses can be used to override the operator prece- dence. The boolean operator `!' may be used to logically negate an en- tire conditional. It is of higher precedence than `&&'. The value of expression may be any of the following function call ex- pressions: defined(varname) Evaluates to true if the variable varname has been defined. make(target) Evaluates to true if the target was specified as part of make's command line or was declared the default target (either implic- itly or explicitly, see .MAIN) before the line containing the conditional. empty(varname[:modifiers]) Evaluates to true if the expansion of the variable, after ap- plying the modifiers, results in an empty string. exists(pathname) Evaluates to true if the given pathname exists. If relative, the pathname is searched for on the system search path (see .PATH). target(target) Evaluates to true if the target has been defined. commands(target) Evaluates to true if the target has been defined and has com- mands associated with it. Expression may also be an arithmetic or string comparison. Variable expansion is performed on both sides of the comparison. If both sides are numeric and neither is enclosed in quotes, the comparison is done numerically, otherwise lexicographically. A string is interpreted as hexadecimal integer if it is preceded by 0x, otherwise it is a decimal floating-point number; octal numbers are not supported. All comparisons may use the operators `==' and `!='. Numeric compar- isons may also use the operators `<', `<=', `>' and `>='. If the comparison has neither a comparison operator nor a right side, the expression evaluates to true if it is nonempty and its numeric value (if any) is not zero. When make is evaluating one of these conditional expressions, and it encounters a (whitespace separated) word it doesn't recognize, either the "make" or "defined" function is applied to it, depending on the form of the conditional. If the form is `.ifdef', `.ifndef' or `.if', the "defined" function is applied. Similarly, if the form is `.ifmake' or `.ifnmake', the "make" function is applied. If the conditional evaluates to true, parsing of the makefile continues as before. If it evaluates to false, the following lines are skipped. In both cases, this continues until the corresponding `.else' or `.endif' is found. For loops For loops are typically used to apply a set of rules to a list of files. The syntax of a for loop is: .for variable [variable ...] in expression <make-lines> .endfor The expression is expanded and then split into words. On each itera- tion of the loop, one word is taken and assigned to each variable, in order, and these variables are substituted into the make-lines inside the body of the for loop. The number of words must come out even; that is, if there are three iteration variables, the number of words pro- vided must be a multiple of three. If `.break' is encountered within a .for loop, it causes early termina- tion of the loop, otherwise a parse error. Other directives .undef variable ... Un-define the specified global variables. Only global vari- ables can be un-defined. COMMENTS Comments begin with a hash (`#') character, anywhere but in a shell command line, and continue to the end of an unescaped new line. SPECIAL SOURCES (ATTRIBUTES) .EXEC Target is never out of date, but always execute commands any- way. .IGNORE Ignore any errors from the commands associated with this tar- get, exactly as if they all were preceded by a dash (`-'). .MADE Mark all sources of this target as being up to date. .MAKE Execute the commands associated with this target even if the -n or -t options were specified. Normally used to mark re- cursive makes. .META Create a meta file for the target, even if it is flagged as .PHONY, .MAKE, or .SPECIAL. Usage in conjunction with .MAKE is the most likely case. In "meta" mode, the target is out- of-date if the meta file is missing. .NOMETA Do not create a meta file for the target. Meta files are also not created for .PHONY, .MAKE, or .SPECIAL targets. .NOMETA_CMP Ignore differences in commands when deciding if target is out of date. This is useful if the command contains a value which always changes. If the number of commands change, though, the target is still considered out of date. The same effect applies to any command line that uses the variable .OODATE, which can be used for that purpose even when not otherwise needed or desired: skip-compare-for-some: @echo this is compared @echo this is not ${.OODATE:M.NOMETA_CMP} @echo this is also compared The :M pattern suppresses any expansion of the unwanted vari- able. .NOPATH Do not search for the target in the directories specified by .PATH. .NOTMAIN Normally make selects the first target it encounters as the default target to be built if no target was specified. This source prevents this target from being selected. .OPTIONAL If a target is marked with this attribute and make can't fig- ure out how to create it, it ignores this fact and assumes the file isn't needed or already exists. .PHONY The target does not correspond to an actual file; it is al- ways considered to be out of date, and is not created with the -t option. Suffix-transformation rules are not applied to .PHONY targets. .PRECIOUS When make is interrupted, it normally removes any partially made targets. This source prevents the target from being re- moved. .RECURSIVE Synonym for .MAKE. .SILENT Do not echo any of the commands associated with this target, exactly as if they all were preceded by an at sign (`@'). .USE Turn the target into make's version of a macro. When the target is used as a source for another target, the other tar- get acquires the commands, sources, and attributes (except for .USE) of the source. If the target already has commands, the .USE target's commands are appended to them. .USEBEFORE Like .USE, but instead of appending, prepend the .USEBEFORE target commands to the target. .WAIT If .WAIT appears in a dependency line, the sources that pre- cede it are made before the sources that succeed it in the line. Since the dependents of files are not made until the file itself could be made, this also stops the dependents be- ing built unless they are needed for another branch of the dependency tree. So given: x: a .WAIT b echo x a: echo a b: b1 echo b b1: echo b1 the output is always `a', `b1', `b', `x'. The ordering imposed by .WAIT is only relevant for parallel makes. SPECIAL TARGETS Special targets may not be included with other targets, i.e. they must be the only target specified. .BEGIN Any command lines attached to this target are executed before anything else is done. .DEFAULT This is sort of a .USE rule for any target (that was used only as a source) that make can't figure out any other way to cre- ate. Only the shell script is used. The .IMPSRC variable of a target that inherits .DEFAULT's commands is set to the tar- get's own name. .DELETE_ON_ERROR If this target is present in the makefile, it globally causes make to delete targets whose commands fail. (By default, only targets whose commands are interrupted during execution are deleted. This is the historical behavior.) This setting can be used to help prevent half-finished or malformed targets from being left around and corrupting future rebuilds. .END Any command lines attached to this target are executed after everything else is done successfully. .ERROR Any command lines attached to this target are executed when another target fails. The .ERROR_TARGET variable is set to the target that failed. See also MAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR. .IGNORE Mark each of the sources with the .IGNORE attribute. If no sources are specified, this is the equivalent of specifying the -i option. .INTERRUPT If make is interrupted, the commands for this target are exe- cuted. .MAIN If no target is specified when make is invoked, this target is built. .MAKEFLAGS This target provides a way to specify flags for make at the time when the makefiles are read. The flags are as if typed to the shell, though the -f option has no effect. .NOPATH Apply the .NOPATH attribute to any specified sources. .NOTPARALLEL Disable parallel mode. .NO_PARALLEL Synonym for .NOTPARALLEL, for compatibility with other pmake variants. .NOREADONLY clear the read-only attribute from the global variables speci- fied as sources. .OBJDIR The source is a new value for `.OBJDIR'. If it exists, make changes the current working directory to it and updates the value of `.OBJDIR'. .ORDER In parallel mode, the named targets are made in sequence. This ordering does not add targets to the list of targets to be made. Since the dependents of a target do not get built until the target itself could be built, unless `a' is built by another part of the dependency graph, the following is a dependency loop: .ORDER: b a b: a .PATH The sources are directories which are to be searched for files not found in the current directory. If no sources are speci- fied, any previously specified directories are removed from the search path. If the source is the special .DOTLAST tar- get, the current working directory is searched last. .PATH.suffix Like .PATH but applies only to files with a particular suffix. The suffix must have been previously declared with .SUFFIXES. .PHONY Apply the .PHONY attribute to any specified sources. .POSIX If this is the first non-comment line in the main makefile, the variable %POSIX is set to the value `1003.2' and the make- file `<posix.mk>' is included if it exists, to provide POSIX- compatible default rules. If make is run with the -r flag, only `posix.mk' contributes to the default rules. .PRECIOUS Apply the .PRECIOUS attribute to any specified sources. If no sources are specified, the .PRECIOUS attribute is applied to every target in the file. .READONLY set the read-only attribute on the global variables specified as sources. .SHELL Sets the shell that make uses to execute commands in jobs mode. The sources are a set of field=value pairs. name This is the minimal specification, used to select one of the built-in shell specs; sh, ksh, and csh. path Specifies the absolute path to the shell. hasErrCtl Indicates whether the shell supports exit on er- ror. check The command to turn on error checking. ignore The command to disable error checking. echo The command to turn on echoing of commands exe- cuted. quiet The command to turn off echoing of commands exe- cuted. filter The output to filter after issuing the quiet com- mand. It is typically identical to quiet. errFlag The flag to pass the shell to enable error check- ing. echoFlag The flag to pass the shell to enable command echo- ing. newline The string literal to pass the shell that results in a single newline character when used outside of any quoting characters. Example: .SHELL: name=ksh path=/bin/ksh hasErrCtl=true \ check="set -e" ignore="set +e" \ echo="set -v" quiet="set +v" filter="set +v" \ echoFlag=v errFlag=e newline="'\n'" .SILENT Apply the .SILENT attribute to any specified sources. If no sources are specified, the .SILENT attribute is applied to every command in the file. .STALE This target gets run when a dependency file contains stale en- tries, having .ALLSRC set to the name of that dependency file. .SUFFIXES Each source specifies a suffix to make. If no sources are specified, any previously specified suffixes are deleted. It allows the creation of suffix-transformation rules. Example: .SUFFIXES: .c .o .c.o: cc -o ${.TARGET} -c ${.IMPSRC} .SYSPATH The sources are directories which are to be added to the sys- tem include path which make searches for makefiles. If no sources are specified, any previously specified directories are removed from the system include path. ENVIRONMENT make uses the following environment variables, if they exist: MACHINE, MACHINE_ARCH, MAKE, MAKEFLAGS, MAKEOBJDIR, MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX, MAKESYSPATH, PWD, and TMPDIR. MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX and MAKEOBJDIR may only be set in the environment or on the command line to make and not as makefile variables; see the de- scription of `.OBJDIR' for more details. FILES .depend list of dependencies makefile first default makefile if no makefile is specified on the command line Makefile second default makefile if no makefile is specified on the command line sys.mk system makefile /usr/share/mk system makefile directory COMPATIBILITY The basic make syntax is compatible between different make variants; however the special variables, variable modifiers and conditionals are not. Older versions An incomplete list of changes in older versions of make: The way that .for loop variables are substituted changed after NetBSD 5.0 so that they still appear to be variable expansions. In particular this stops them being treated as syntax, and removes some obscure problems using them in .if statements. The way that parallel makes are scheduled changed in NetBSD 4.0 so that .ORDER and .WAIT apply recursively to the dependent nodes. The algo- rithms used may change again in the future. Other make dialects Other make dialects (GNU make, SVR4 make, POSIX make, etc.) do not sup- port most of the features of make as described in this manual. Most notably: o The .WAIT and .ORDER declarations and most functionality per- taining to parallelization. (GNU make supports paralleliza- tion but lacks the features needed to control it effec- tively.) o Directives, including for loops and conditionals and most of the forms of include files. (GNU make has its own incompati- ble and less powerful syntax for conditionals.) o All built-in variables that begin with a dot. o Most of the special sources and targets that begin with a dot, with the notable exception of .PHONY, .PRECIOUS, and .SUFFIXES. o Variable modifiers, except for the `:old=new' string substi- tution, which does not portably support globbing with `%' and historically only works on declared suffixes. o The $> variable even in its short form; most makes support this functionality but its name varies. Some features are somewhat more portable, such as assignment with +=, ?=, and !=. The .PATH functionality is based on an older feature VPATH found in GNU make and many versions of SVR4 make; however, historically its behavior is too ill-defined (and too buggy) to rely upon. The $@ and $< variables are more or less universally portable, as is the $(MAKE) variable. Basic use of suffix rules (for files only in the current directory, not trying to chain transformations together, etc.) is also reasonably portable. SEE ALSO mkdep(1), style.Makefile(5) HISTORY A make command appeared in Version 7 AT&T UNIX. This make implementa- tion is based on Adam de Boor's pmake program, which was written for Sprite at Berkeley. It was designed to be a parallel distributed make running jobs on different machines using a daemon called "customs". Historically the target/dependency FRC has been used to FoRCe rebuild- ing (since the target/dependency does not exist ... unless someone cre- ates an FRC file). BUGS The make syntax is difficult to parse. For instance, finding the end of a variable's use should involve scanning each of the modifiers, us- ing the correct terminator for each field. In many places make just counts {} and () in order to find the end of a variable expansion. There is no way of escaping a space character in a filename. In jobs mode, when a target fails; make will put an error token into the job token pool. This will cause all other instances of make using that token pool to abort the build and exit with error code 6. Some- times the attempt to suppress a cascade of unnecessary errors, can re- sult in a seemingly unexplained `*** Error code 6' FreeBSD 13.2 May 10, 2023 MAKE(1)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | FILE DEPENDENCY SPECIFICATIONS | SHELL COMMANDS | VARIABLE ASSIGNMENTS | DIRECTIVES | COMMENTS | SPECIAL SOURCES (ATTRIBUTES) | SPECIAL TARGETS | ENVIRONMENT | FILES | COMPATIBILITY | SEE ALSO | HISTORY | BUGS
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